THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER AND CULTURAL FACTORS ON PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of gender and cultural factors on female students' participation in physical education (PE) within secondary and higher secondary schools in the Haripur District. Recognizing that PE is crucial for the holistic development of students physically, socially, and psychologically this research addresses the disparities in participation caused by social norms and cultural constraints. Despite the universal value of PE, participation remains unequal, with female students often facing barriers shaped by gender roles and cultural expectations. The objectives and hypotheses of the study were fourfold. A quantitative descriptive survey design was employed, and a sample of 300 students (150 males and 150 females) was selected using stratified random sampling from both public and private schools. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire that captured demographic information, gender-related factors, cultural influences, and levels of PE participation. The results showed that boys take part in physical education (PE) more than girls. Boys had a higher average score (4.14) compared to girls (3.47). This means gender affects how much students join PE, possibly because boys are encouraged more to be active, while girls may have fewer chances.Culture also matters. Students from open-minded (liberal) families joined PE more (average 4.01), followed by those from moderate (3.77) and strict (conservative) families (3.40). This shows that students from stricter cultures do less PE. Another test also proved that students from liberal backgrounds were more active in PE than those from conservative ones. A final test showed that both gender and culture affect PE participation. It also showed that gender and culture together make a difference. For example, girls from strict cultures had the lowest PE participation, because they face both gender and cultural restrictions. Conclusion of the study highlights the critical and interrelated roles of gender and cultural factors in determining PE participation among students. Efforts to increase involvement must address these barriers holistically. It is recommended that schools implement gender-sensitive and culturally responsive PE curricula, provide training for instructors, engage communities, and promote awareness about the benefits of physical activity for all. Without such targeted strategies, disparities in PE participation especially among female students will likely persist, undermining the broader goal of equitable access to education and well-being.