GENDER, CULTURE AND FEMALE SPORTS PARTICIPATION IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

This study explores the cultural beliefs influencing female university athletes' participation in sports in Pakistan. Using a qualitative exploratory design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 athletes participating in the All-Pakistan Intervarsity Sports Championship. Thematic analysis revealed four key themes: cultural and religious influences, family and societal attitudes, institutional support and barriers, and personal motivations and coping strategies. Findings indicate that while cultural norms and religious interpretations often restrict female participation, athletes also find empowerment through reinterpreting religious values and building resilience in supportive peer networks. Institutional barriers such as limited facilities and gendered policies were identified, alongside mixed levels of family support. Despite these challenges, personal drive and a strong sense of athletic identity emerged as crucial factors in overcoming obstacles. This research provides insights into the unique experiences of female athletes in conservative contexts and highlights the need for context-sensitive policies to promote gender equity in sports.

Keywords: Female athletes, cultural beliefs, sports participation, gender equity & institutional barriers